Current Development and Application Prospects of Brain-Computer Interface Technology

Abstract

Brain-Computer Interface (BCI) technology establishes a direct communication pathway between the human brain and external devices, bypassing conventional peripheral nerve and muscle outputs. This comprehensive review delineates the fundamental architecture, core computational algorithms, and burgeoning applications of BCI systems within medical rehabilitation and consumer electronics. It further critically examines prevailing technical impediments, such as limitations in signal fidelity, model generalizability across subjects, and pressing ethical considerations regarding neural data privacy and manipulation. Prospective development trajectories, including hybrid system design, adaptive algorithmic frameworks based on meta-learning, and standardized governance models, are elaborated. The analysis substantiates that BCI technology possesses considerable potential to augment human functional capabilities and quality of life, with its full maturation contingent upon sustained interdisciplinary collaboration among neuroscientists, engineers, ethicists, and clinical practitioners. This review aims to provide a consolidated reference for navigating the rapidly evolving BCI landscape.