A Review of Sound Transducer Technology for Speakers and Headphones Based on Electromagnetic Drive

Abstract

This paper presents a comprehensive review of sound transducer technologies for speakers and headphones based on electromagnetic drive. Emphasizing the Lorentz force mechanism, the study explores core components including magnetic circuits, voice coils, and diaphragms. Recent advances in magnetic circuit design highlight the use of neodymium-iron-boron (NdFeB) magnets and optimization methods like particle swarm algorithms to enhance field uniformity. Diaphragm innovation is examined through new nanocomposite materials such as NCV, which combine stiffness, internal damping, and thermal stability. System-level breakthroughs address voice coil lightweighting using copper-clad aluminum and thermal management via structural airflow optimization. Challenges like miniaturization-induced acoustic distortion and high-temperature nonlinearities in power amplification are also discussed. Looking ahead, future development is expected to integrate multi-drive unit coordination and intelligent adaptive tuning powered by machine learning and real-time sensing. This convergence of materials science, control engineering, and AI is projected to drive the evolution of next-generation, high-efficiency, and smart audio transducer systems.