MedScien
type: channel
description: ISSN 2960-1290(Online) Editor: Shibin Cheng (Brown University), Alexei (Columbia University), Aytek Erdil (University of Cambridge), Cosimo Arnesano (University of Southern California), Freya Baetens (Cambridge University), Osman (Carnegie Mellon University) MedScien upholds a rigorous review process to ensure that only high-quality studies are published, providing readers with reliable and well-researched content. The journal offers a comprehensive platform covering a diverse range of topics, from fundamental medical sciences such as anatomy, physiology, and pharmacology to clinical specialties including cardiology, oncology, and pediatrics. This broad scope keeps readers informed about the latest advancements across various medical fields. Additionally, MedScien places a strong emphasis on the practical applications of research findings, promoting studies that have real-world relevance for clinical practice and healthcare policy-making. By bridging theoretical research with practical implications, the journal serves as an invaluable resource for healthcare professionals and medical researchers alike.
publisher: Dean & Francis Press Inc
language: en
publication name: MedScien
issn: 2960-1290
items: Next-Generation HER2-Targeted ADCs: Comparative Mechanisms and Efficacy of T-DXd versus T-DM1 in Breast Cancer
items: Molecular Mechanisms and Therapeutic Advances in Androgenetic Alopecia
items: Multi-target Mechanism of Action of Curcumin in Rheumatoid Arthritis and Clinical Application
items: The Treatment of Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma with PD-1/PD-L1 Inhibitors
items: Molecular Mechanism and Clinical Optimization of Isotretinoin in the Treatment of Acne
items: Efficacy Analysis of Guizhi Fuling Wan in the Treatment of Primary Dysmenorrhea
items: Mechanisms and Clinical Application of Methotrexate in Rheumatoid Arthritis
items: The Neuroprotective Mechanism of Gastrodin in the Intervention of Alzheimer's Disease
items: The Molecular Mechanisms and Current Clinical Applications of Paeoniflorin in Rheumatoid Arthritis
items: Analysis of the Mechanism of Action and Therapeutic Efficacy of Semaglutide in the Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
items: Synergistic Regulation of Glucolipid Metabolism by Ginseng Polysaccharides and Ginsenosides: Divergent Microbiota Modulation and Convergent Activation of Intestinal Gluconeogenesis
items: Peripheral Blood Aging-Related Gene Signatures Enable Temporal Stage Discrimination in Intracerebral Hemorrhage: An Integrative Analysis with Exploratory m6A Profiling of IRS1
items: The Neuroscience of Mindful Tea Rituals: Effects on Attention and Learning
items: Exploring the Role of Dopamine in Curiosity-Driven Learning Using Reinforcement Learning Models
items: Mechanisms of Molecular Glue Degraders and Their Applications in Hematological Malignancies
items: Multifactorial Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, and Therapeutic Strategies in Alzheimer’s Disease
items: Effectiveness of Wearable Technologies in Sports Therapy: Surface EMG and Accelerometers
items: Clinical Efficacy and Mechanism of Action of Acupuncture in Treating Primary Dysmenorrhea
items: Research Progress on Essential Trace Elements Associated with Osteoporosis
items: The Double-Edged Sword of AI Medical Consultation Tools: Navigating Between Empowerment and Exacerbated Health Anxiety
items: How Technological Innovation Reshapes the Paradigm of Disease Prediction and Treatment
items: Study on Diagnosis of Fetal Chromosomal Abnormalities by Ultrasound Screening and Ultrasound-Guided Amniocentesis
items: Small RNAs in Bacterial Outer Membrane Vesicles
items: Application of Multi-Omics Analysis in Periodontitis
items: The capability humans adapting hearing in extreme conditions
items: Research Progress and Application of Mung Bean Protein in 3D Food Printing: Performance Regulation and Application Expansion
items: Multi-omics Integration in AMD: the CFH Gene Case Study
items: The Analysis of BCI Technology and its Influences on Human-being
items: The Role of Single-Leg Vertical Jump in Return-to-Sport Evaluation After ACL Reconstruction — A Critical Review Based on Optical Motion Capture
items: The Association between Family History and the Risk of Hereditary Cardiovascular Disease: A Cohort Study Based on UK Biobank

Next-Generation HER2-Targeted ADCs: Comparative Mechanisms and Efficacy of T-DXd versus T-DM1 in Breast Cancer
type: item
description: Breast cancer is widely regarded as the most prevalent cancer across populations worldwide, among which HER2-positive breast cancer represents a key subtype. A comparative analysis of two prominent HER2-directed antibody–drug conjugates (ADCs), namely trastuzumab emtansine (T-DM1) and trastuzumab deruxtecan (T-DXd), is presented in this study. Both take trastuzumab as the targeting basis, but they differ significantly in payload type, linker design and drug release mode. T-DM1 mainly acts on tumor cells with high HER2 expression and can effectively internalize the drug. Its released products have poor membrane permeability with relatively limited bystander effects. In contrast, T-DXd has a higher drug-toantibody ratio. The free toxins released by it can diffuse across cell membranes, generate effects on surrounding tumor cells and produce a bystander effect. Therefore, it also shows certain strengths in overcoming tumor heterogeneity and partial drug resistance. Existing clinical studies have shown that in advanced HER2-positive breast cancer, T-DXd presents superior disease control, survival benefits and remission effects compared with T-DM1. In HER2-low expression breast cancer, T-DXd also exhibits broader application potential, while the efficacy of T-DM1 is relatively limited. In general, nextgeneration ADCs have significantly improved the efficacy of HER2-targeting therapy through structural optimization. Further improvements are still needed in reducing toxicity, delaying drug resistance and promoting individualized treatment in the future.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: HER2-positive breast cancer
  topic: keywords
subject: Antibody– drug conjugates (ADCs)
  topic: keywords
subject: Trastuzumab emtansine (TDM1)
  topic: keywords
subject: Trastuzumab deruxtecan (T-DXd)
  topic: keywords
creator: Meishan Liu
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 MedScien
date: 2026-06-24
publication date: 2026-06-24
doi: 10.61173/5ka1x484

Molecular Mechanisms and Therapeutic Advances in Androgenetic Alopecia
type: item
description: Androgenetic alopecia (AGA), also known as seborrheic alopecia, is the most common type of hair loss in clinical practice, accounting for about 80% of all types of hair loss. In China, the prevalence among men and women is approximately 21.3% and 6%, respectively, affecting a wide population. Although it does not threaten physical health, it seriously impacts patients' mental health and quality of life and has shown a trend toward younger onset in recent years. This article provides a systematic review of the clinical features of AGA, influencing factors, molecular mechanisms, and mainstream drug treatment strategies, with a focus on the core roles of 5α-reductase and androgen receptor (AR) in disease pathogenesis. It explores the mechanisms of action, clinical efficacy, and safety of various drugs such as minoxidil and finasteride, and summarizes research advances in new drug delivery methods and combination therapy strategies. Studies have found that the pathogenesis of AGA is the result of multiple factors, including abnormal androgen metabolism, polygenic inheritance, and microinflammation, with the collaborative regulation of type II 5α-reductase and AR being a key link in disease development. Existing therapeutic drugs still have limitations, while new delivery methods and combination therapies can effectively improve efficacy. Personalized treatment and the exploration of new targets are future research directions. This article reviews recent research findings in the field of AGA, identifies current research shortcomings, and provides references for optimizing clinical diagnosis and treatment as well as for subsequent related studies.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Minoxidil
  topic: keywords
subject: Finasteride tablets
  topic: keywords
subject: Androgenetic alopecia
  topic: keywords
creator: Yukun Zhang
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 MedScien
date: 2026-06-24
publication date: 2026-06-24
doi: 10.61173/0jeda762

Multi-target Mechanism of Action of Curcumin in Rheumatoid Arthritis and Clinical Application
type: item
description: Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) has become a common disease that poses a significant threat to human health, and its conventional therapeutic approaches exhibit certain limitations. In recent years, increasing attention has been directed toward the clinical application and underlying mechanisms of Curcumin in the treatment of RA. This article presents a literature review that systematically summarizes the pathogenesis of RA, the pharmacological properties of curcumin, its mechanisms of action in RA, as well as relevant clinical studies and their application within the framework of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) syndrome differentiation. Existing evidence suggests that curcumin can effectively alleviate clinical symptoms in patients with RA and improve overall therapeutic outcomes. Its core mechanisms are primarily associated with the modulation of anti-inflammatory pathways. Meanwhile, the majority of studies have validated its role as a foundational therapeutic agent. In conclusion, curcumin demonstrates a certain degree of feasibility in the treatment of RA; however, further high-quality clinical trials are required to verify its safety and to strengthen the evidence base for its clinical feasibility.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Rheumatoid arthritis
  topic: keywords
subject: Curcumin
  topic: keywords
subject: Multi-target mechanism
  topic: keywords
subject: Inflammatory pathways
  topic: keywords
subject: Osteoclast inhibition
  topic: keywords
creator: Lingxuan Dai
creator: Yike Wang
creator: Yinuo Wang
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 MedScien
date: 2026-06-24
publication date: 2026-06-24
doi: 10.61173/cdhmm835

The Treatment of Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma with PD-1/PD-L1 Inhibitors
type: item
description: Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) often presents insidiously and has a high proportion of late-stage diagnosis, with a five-year survival rate of only 50% to 60% for traditional combined treatment, indicating a poor overall prognosis. Immunotherapy has now become a hotspot in tumor research, yet there are still many research shortcomings in the immunotherapy of OSCC. This article reviews the application of PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors in OSCC. The results show that this target is highly expressed in cancer tissues, promoting tumor progression and indicating a poor prognosis. These drugs can rebuild the body's anti-tumor immunity and effectively improve the survival outcomes of patients with advanced disease and platinum resistance. However, the efficacy of monotherapy is limited, with an effective rate of only 20% to 30%, accompanied by the risk of resistance and various adverse reactions. This study provides a theoretical reference for the clinical practice of immunotherapy for OSCC. Currently, the mechanisms of resistance and individualized treatment options remain unclear. In the future, it is necessary to precisely screen suitable candidates, continuously optimize combination treatment modes, and promote the standardized development of immunotherapy for OSCC.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Oral squamous cell carcinoma
  topic: keywords
subject: PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitor
  topic: keywords
subject: immunotherapy
  topic: keywords
creator: Hong Sun
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 MedScien
date: 2026-06-24
publication date: 2026-06-24
doi: 10.61173/2s7j6h84

Molecular Mechanism and Clinical Optimization of Isotretinoin in the Treatment of Acne
type: item
description: Acne is a very common chronic inflammatory skin disease that can cause permanent scarring and psychological problems. Oral isotretinoin is the first choice for severe and persistent acne. To this day, the exact molecular mechanism of action is not well-known, and thus it has not been applied in clinical practice. With the latest research, this paper will systematically explain the current molecular mechanisms of isotretinoin in the treatment of acne and evaluate its clinical effect and improvement direction. Isotretinoin has some anti-inflammatory and normalising effects on the secretion of the outer layer, changes in cell division of keratinocytes, etc. Based on the above clinical studies, the usual dose of isotretinoin has good clearance in severe acne; a low-dose regimen can also be used to treat mild acne and rosacea. Combination of Laser and Phototherapy Treatment. Generally speaking, the amount of dry skin and mucous membranes after a single dose varies among individuals. Based on current research, it has not been found that isotretinoin causes depression or inflammatory bowel disease. In the future, through nanomedicine formulations, molecular modification and combination therapy, it is expected that isotretinoin will be more effective and safer.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Isotretinoin
  topic: keywords
subject: acne
  topic: keywords
subject: p53
  topic: keywords
subject: dosage strategy
  topic: keywords
subject: combination therapy
  topic: keywords
creator: Yunxin Liu
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 MedScien
date: 2026-06-24
publication date: 2026-06-24
doi: 10.61173/tf6xrb63

Efficacy Analysis of Guizhi Fuling Wan in the Treatment of Primary Dysmenorrhea
type: item
description: Primary dysmenorrhea is a highly prevalent benign gynecological disorder among women of childbearing age. Its core pathogenesis lies in the excessive synthesis and release of endometrial prostaglandin F2α(PGF2α). Guizhi Fuling Wan(GZFLW), a classic prescription in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) for promoting blood circulation and resolving blood stasis, has been widely used in the clinical treatment of this disease. This paper systematically reviews the molecular mechanisms and clinical evidence of GZFLW in the treatment of primary dysmenorrhea. It can alleviate uterine smooth muscle spasm and pain through effecting the Nuclear Factor-κB (NF-κB)/Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2)/PGF2α Signaling Pathway, downregulating Oxytocin Receptor (OTR) Protein Expression and regulating small molecules in uterine tissues, with synergetic therapeutic efficacy with Non-Steroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs) and a favorable safety profile. In view of the limitations of existing studies, which are mostly focused on combination medication and lack comparative studies with other TCM preparations. Monotherapy research can be explored in the future to improve the relevant evidence-based foundation.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Guizhi Fuling Wan
  topic: keywords
subject: Primary Dysmenorrhea
  topic: keywords
subject: Molecular Mechanism
  topic: keywords
creator: Leyuan Xue
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 MedScien
date: 2026-06-24
publication date: 2026-06-24
doi: 10.61173/dngh7243

Mechanisms and Clinical Application of Methotrexate in Rheumatoid Arthritis
type: item
description: Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a systemic, chronic autoimmune disease that can severely damage the patient's joints and place a great burden on their work and life. Methotrexate (MTX) is currently the firstchoice drug for treating RA. It achieves the therapeutic goal of RA by inhibiting immune responses, promoting the release of adenosine from cells, and inhibiting angiogenesis. However, the efficacy and side effects of MTX vary significantly among individuals, and longterm, high-dose use of MTX can cause serious adverse reactions in some patients, forcing them to discontinue the medication. This article comprehensively analyzes the pathological mechanisms of RA and the molecular and cellular mechanisms of MTX on RA, concluding that the clinical efficacy of MTX and MTX combined with Wind-Dispelling and Dampness-Removing Pain-Relieving Decoction or cannabidiol (CBD) can effectively improve clinical outcomes. It provides a reference for future research on combination therapy with MTX, and the issue of the considerable differences in the clinical efficacy of MTX has not been resolved. Future research can focus on the individual differences in MTX.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Rheumatoid arthritis
  topic: keywords
subject: methotrexate
  topic: keywords
subject: mechanism
  topic: keywords
creator: Yijin Wang
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 MedScien
date: 2026-06-24
publication date: 2026-06-24
doi: 10.61173/9t23q202

The Neuroprotective Mechanism of Gastrodin in the Intervention of Alzheimer's Disease
type: item
description: Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the core pathological features of β-amyloid (Aβ) deposition and excessive phosphorylation of Tau protein. Its pathological changes can induce oxidative stress, neuroinflammation and neuronal apoptosis, ultimately leading to cognitive dysfunction. Gastrodin, as the main active component of the traditional Chinese medicine Gastrodia elata, has attracted extensive attention due to its good blood-brain barrier penetration ability and multi-target neuroprotective effects. This article systematically reviews the molecular mechanisms and preclinical research evidence of gastrodin in the intervention of AD. At the molecular level, gastrodin exerts antioxidant stress, inhibits neuroinflammation, blocks neuronal apoptosis and protects the blood-brain barrier by regulating multiple signaling pathways. Animal experiments have shown that gastrodin can effectively reduce Aβ deposition and Tau protein phosphorylation, improve mitochondrial energy metabolism, and significantly enhance the learning and memory ability of AD model animals. In conclusion, gastrodin exerts neuroprotective effects through a multi-target network system of "antioxidant-anti-inflammatory-anti-apoptotic", showing great potential as an innovative drug for AD or a neuroprotective agent.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Gastrodin
  topic: keywords
subject: Alzheimer’s disease
  topic: keywords
subject: Oxidative stress
  topic: keywords
subject: Neuroinflammation
  topic: keywords
subject: Apoptosis
  topic: keywords
creator: Qingyi Fu
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 MedScien
date: 2026-06-24
publication date: 2026-06-24
doi: 10.61173/hb3etq84

The Molecular Mechanisms and Current Clinical Applications of Paeoniflorin in Rheumatoid Arthritis
type: item
description: Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune disease and a debilitating condition that significantly impacts patients’ lives, placing a considerable burden on healthcare systems and society as a whole. At the same time, natural medicinal compounds are gradually emerging as a key area of research due to their notable advantage of holistic regulation. Therefore, this paper concentrate data from a wide range of literature sources. To offers a more comprehensive perspective on the role and recent developments regarding paeoniflorin in the treatment of RA. Paeoniflorin is the principal constituent of white peony root. Research find that, the paeoniflorin exerts anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects by modulating multiple signalling pathways and regulating relevant lncRNA. Furthermore, a highly selective inhibitor from paeoniflorin, Ritlecitinib, is currently in Phase II clinal trials. The paper according to the limitations of paeoniflorin, put forward to the prospects for its use in the treatment of RA. And it is expect that this will bring about higher therapeutic effects, reducing the economic burden.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Paeoniflorin
  topic: keywords
subject: rheumatoid arthritis
  topic: keywords
subject: molecular mechanism
  topic: keywords
creator: Ziyue Yin
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 MedScien
date: 2026-06-24
publication date: 2026-06-24
doi: 10.61173/wj78p986

Analysis of the Mechanism of Action and Therapeutic Efficacy of Semaglutide in the Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
type: item
description: How to control Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) has been one of the most important current health issues which should be given priority to. Against this background, Semaglutide has created a new breakthrough point for this predicament: while protecting the cardiovascular system and liver, it controls the patient's blood glucose level through two pathways. This article focuses on analyzing the mechanism of action of semaglutide and explores its current shortcomings. As a glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonist, semaglutide achieves both blood sugar lowering and weight loss via a multifaceted mechanism. In the field of T2DM treatment, large-scale clinical trials have confirmed that semaglutide not only has a strong hypoglycemic effect, but also lowers risk of hypoglycemia and clearly protect the cardiovascular, and has become the first-line choice for patients with cardiovascular diseases or high-risk factors. Future research should focus on a more comprehensive evaluation of the drug's safety, while also emphasizing its clinical benefits.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Type 2 diabetes mellitus
  topic: keywords
subject: semaglutide
  topic: keywords
subject: blood sugar
  topic: keywords
creator: Yuhan Min
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 MedScien
date: 2026-06-24
publication date: 2026-06-24
doi: 10.61173/aq4yjk08

Synergistic Regulation of Glucolipid Metabolism by Ginseng Polysaccharides and Ginsenosides: Divergent Microbiota Modulation and Convergent Activation of Intestinal Gluconeogenesis
type: item
description: Ginseng polysaccharides (GPS) and ginsenosides are two major bioactive components of Panax ginseng, both exhibiting regulatory effects on glucolipid metabolism. Traditional research has focused on individual components, but recent evidence suggests that they may exert synergistic effects mediated by the gut microbiota [1,2]. This review systematically summarizes the mechanisms by which GPS and ginsenosides cooperatively regulate glucolipid metabolism via the gut–organ axis. The gut–organ axis is defined as the bidirectional communication network linking the gut microbiota (via its metabolites, such as short‑chain fatty acids and succinate) to distal organs (liver, pancreas, and brain). The available evidence indicates that GPS act as prebiotics, modulating gut microbiota composition, promoting short‑chain fatty acids (SCFAs) production, and enhancing the biotransformation of ginsenosides [1,6]. Ginsenosides are metabolized by the gut microbiota into highly active metabolites (e.g., Compound K) and differentially enrich Proteobacteria and succinate [2,8]. GPS and ginsenosides jointly activate intestinal gluconeogenesis (IGN) through complementary pathways (SCFAs via FFAR2/FFAR3, succinate via SUCNR1), and the resulting portal vein glucose signal further influences systemic energy homeostasis via the gut‑liver and gut‑brain axes [2,8]. This "divergent microbiota modulation–convergent target engagement" synergistic pattern provides a mechanistic explanation for the multi‑component metabolic regulation of ginseng and offers a new mechanistic perspective for the health management of metabolic diseases.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Ginseng polysaccharides (GPS)
  topic: keywords
subject: Ginsenosides
  topic: keywords
subject: Gut microbiota
  topic: keywords
subject: Intestinal gluconeogenesis (IGN)
  topic: keywords
subject: Glucolipid metabolism
  topic: keywords
creator: Zihan Cao
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 MedScien
date: 2026-06-24
publication date: 2026-06-24
doi: 10.61173/hfs8wr37

Peripheral Blood Aging-Related Gene Signatures Enable Temporal Stage Discrimination in Intracerebral Hemorrhage: An Integrative Analysis with Exploratory m6A Profiling of IRS1
type: item
description: Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is a life-threatening neurological emergency with disproportionately high mortality and disability rates, particularly among elderly individuals. Aging is the most critical non-modifiable risk factor for ICH, yet the transcriptomic changes associated with aging during ICH temporal progression remain poorly characterized. Peripheral blood transcriptomics offers a non-invasive window into the systemic molecular response following hemorrhagic brain injury; however, no study has systematically interrogated the aging-related transcriptomic landscape across different post-ICH stages at the peripheral blood level. We retrieved the peripheral blood gene expression dataset GSE125512 from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database, comprising samples from 22 ICH patients collected at 24 hours and 72 hours post-onset. Differential expression analysis was performed using DESeq2, and the resulting differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were intersected with aging-related genes (ARGs) curated from the Human Ageing Genomic Resources (HAGR) GenAge database. The aging-related DEGs were subjected to Gene Ontology (GO) and KEGG pathway enrichment analyses, protein-protein interaction (PPI) network construction, and logistic regressionbased modeling. Cross-species validation was performed using a murine ICH single-cell RNA sequencing dataset (GSE167593). A total of 218 DEGs were identified between the 24-hour and 72-hour post-ICH groups, comprising 178 upregulated and 40 downregulated genes. Intersection with 109 ARGs yielded 6 aging-related hub genes: CD24, EGF, ICAM1, IRS1, MYB, and VEGFA. Functional enrichment analysis revealed significant enrichment in pathways related to neuroinflammation, PI3K-AKT signaling, and cellular senescence. A machine learning-based temporal progression model incorporating the 6 hub genes achieved an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) of 0.70, with IRS1 and ICAM1 identified as the highest-weighted st…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Intracerebral hemorrhage
  topic: keywords
subject: Aging-related genes
  topic: keywords
subject: Differentially expressed genes
  topic: keywords
subject: Bioinformatics
  topic: keywords
subject: machine learning
  topic: keywords
subject: Temporal progression
  topic: keywords
subject: Stage discrimination
  topic: keywords
subject: Neuroinflammation
  topic: keywords
subject: Single-cell RNA sequencing
  topic: keywords
creator: Zhuang Jiang
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 MedScien
date: 2026-06-24
publication date: 2026-06-24
doi: 10.61173/t07wjb58

The Neuroscience of Mindful Tea Rituals: Effects on Attention and Learning
type: item
description: The paper is about the impact of mindfulness-based tea brewing rituals on attention and learning through the physiological events that take place in the brain, particularly in the prefrontal cortex. It discusses what the studies have to say about the functions, brain waves, prediction errors, and the effects of the compounds in tea on the brain. Some studies have shown that attention, in a certain way, can improve the functioning of the prefrontal cortex of the brain, quiet the noise in the brain, and increase cognitive control. Moreover, the compounds in tea, such as L-theanine, can also have an impact on the brain, making the individual calm yet alert, which is important for maintaining attention. Therefore, the physiological events that take place in the body due to tea can help maintain the brain in an optimal state for learning.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Neuroscience
  topic: keywords
subject: Brain
  topic: keywords
subject: Tea
  topic: keywords
creator: Mijia Xia
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 MedScien
date: 2026-06-24
publication date: 2026-06-24
doi: 10.61173/ncsjz995

Exploring the Role of Dopamine in Curiosity-Driven Learning Using Reinforcement Learning Models
type: item
description: Curiosity-driven learning is a core feature of biological intelligence, manifested in the active exploration of environments by organisms even in the absence of external rewards. This study integrates neurobiological findings with reinforcement learning theory to construct a unified computational framework that reconceptualizes dopamine as an encoder of "total prediction error." In this framework, behavioral selection maximizes total value, which comprises both external rewards and intrinsic informational value. Intrinsic rewards are quantified based on novelty or prediction error, while the weight assigned to exploration is dynamically modulated by the prefrontal cortex. Dopamine neurons encode total prediction error, thereby extending the conventional role of dopamine from a reward prediction error encoder to a more general encoder of violated expectations. The hippocampus generates intrinsic reward signals, the prefrontal cortex regulates the exploration weight, the ventral tegmental area integrates these signals to compute total prediction error, and the striatum translates this error into action selection. This model bridges the explanatory gap between neuroscience and computational theory, offering a unified perspective on the intrinsic motivation underlying curiosity and exploratory behavior. In practical terms, it also provides new insights into the mechanisms of psychiatric disorders.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Curiosity-Driven Learning
  topic: keywords
subject: Dopamine
  topic: keywords
subject: Reinforcement Learning
  topic: keywords
subject: Intrinsic Motivation
  topic: keywords
creator: Meixin Zhou
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 MedScien
date: 2026-06-24
publication date: 2026-06-24
doi: 10.61173/970gv177

Mechanisms of Molecular Glue Degraders and Their Applications in Hematological Malignancies
type: item
description: Molecular glue degraders (MGDs) belong to a category of small-molecule compounds that bring E3 ubiquitin ligases and target proteins close to each other, thereby initiating the ubiquitination process and the subsequent breakdown of the target proteins. In the past few years, these substances have shown considerable therapeutic potential in the treatment of hematological malignancies. This review comprehensively summarizes the action mechanisms of MGDs, sorts out their preclinical and clinical advances in hematological cancers, and explores the existing challenges as well as future development directions. MGDs offer a new approach for cancer treatment, yet further research is needed to clarify their resistance mechanisms and improve the precision of target selection.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Molecular glue degraders
  topic: keywords
subject: E3 ubiquitin ligase
  topic: keywords
subject: Hematological malignancies
  topic: keywords
subject: Targeted protein degradation
  topic: keywords
subject: Resistance mechanisms
  topic: keywords
creator: Haoqing Zheng
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 MedScien
date: 2026-06-24
publication date: 2026-06-24
doi: 10.61173/gvsgps62

Multifactorial Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, and Therapeutic Strategies in Alzheimer’s Disease
type: item
description: Alzheimer's disease (AD) has traditionally been explained by the amyloid cascade hypothesis as its core mechanism. However, the limitations of single-target therapies reflect that AD cannot be simply explained by a linear pathogenic mechanism. This review examines key mechanisms including the Aβ-tau axis, neuroinflammation, genetic factors, and mitochondrial metabolic abnormalities, proposing that AD pathogenesis should instead be modeled as a multifactorial pathological network. Different pathological nodes amplify disease severity collectively, with multiple factors synergistically driving neuronal network dysfunction and cognitive decline. The review also examines trends in blood biomarkers, imaging, and digital metrics, exploring stratified diagnostics and nodetargeted therapies for multifactorial pathogenesis. This model integrates diverse mechanisms into a comprehensive disease network, providing a theoretical foundation for precision medicine.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Alzheimer’s disease
  topic: keywords
subject: Multifactorial pathogenesis
  topic: keywords
subject: Amyloid protein
  topic: keywords
subject: Tau
  topic: keywords
subject: Neuroinflammation
  topic: keywords
subject: Biomarkers
  topic: keywords
subject: Disease-modifying therapy
  topic: keywords
creator: Yongzhang Lin
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 MedScien
date: 2026-06-24
publication date: 2026-06-24
doi: 10.61173/42726n83

Effectiveness of Wearable Technologies in Sports Therapy: Surface EMG and Accelerometers
type: item
description: High-intensity, high-frequency exercise loads render muscle, ligament, and joint injuries among the most common ailments in training and competition. Affected athletes often experience persistent muscle weakness, compensatory movement patterns, and recurrent injuries. In recent years, the application of wearable devices in sports rehabilitation has mitigated these negative effects. Common types include surface electromyography (sEMG) and accelerometers. Compared to traditional exercise therapy, wearable technology integrates quantitative data, providing a more reliable understanding of the athlete’s injury and helping physicians develop more effective rehabilitation plans. However, when analyzing the effectiveness of these two wearable technologies, accelerometers and surface electromyography, several potential factors and limitations still need to be considered, such as the high cost, which may limit their widespread adoption and effectiveness in the field of sports therapy. Based on existing clinical and sports science research, this paper evaluates the effectiveness of sEMG and accelerometers in sports therapy, focusing on their benefits in movement quality assessment, training load management, and individualized rehabilitation plan development. It also briefly explores the potential of combining wearable data with artificial intelligence modeling for injury risk assessment and rehabilitation decision support.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Wearable technology
  topic: keywords
subject: surface electromyography (sEMG)
  topic: keywords
subject: accelerometers
  topic: keywords
subject: sports rehabilitation
  topic: keywords
creator: Tongtian Bai
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 MedScien
date: 2026-02-26
publication date: 2026-02-26
doi: 10.61173/7gpstr48

Clinical Efficacy and Mechanism of Action of Acupuncture in Treating Primary Dysmenorrhea
type: item
description: Primary dysmenorrhea (PD) is a prevalent gynecological condition that profoundly impairs the quality of life. Acupuncture, a traditional Chinese therapy, has demonstrated significant efficacy and unique advantages in managing PD. Clinical evidence has corroborated that acupuncture, particularly when targeted at key acupoints such as SP6 (Sanyinjiao) and CV4 (Guanyuan), effectively mitigates pain and reduces reliance on analgesic agents. Its therapeutic effect is often superior to placebos and comparable to conventional pharmacotherapies. The underlying mechanisms involve multi-system integration: Peripherally, it attenuates uterine cramping by inhibiting inflammatory pathways and modulating prostaglandin balance. Centrally, it exerts analgesia by activating the endogenous opioid system and regulating neuroimmune crosstalk, and can also modulate brain network connectivity. Furthermore, the efficacy of acupuncture exhibits relative acupoint specificity and is dependent on the timing of intervention. In conclusion, acupuncture represents a safe and effective non-pharmacological intervention for PD. Its multi-targeted, systemic regulatory effects provide a robust evidence-based foundation for its clinical application.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Acupuncture
  topic: keywords
subject: Primary dysmenorrhea
  topic: keywords
subject: Efficacy
  topic: keywords
subject: Mechanism
  topic: keywords
creator: Yuehan Fan
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 MedScien
date: 2026-02-26
publication date: 2026-02-26
doi: 10.61173/66de8y27

Research Progress on Essential Trace Elements Associated with Osteoporosis
type: item
description: Osteoporosis (OP) is a common skeletal disease affecting millions of people worldwide. The relationship between trace elements and OP has garnered widespread attention in recent years. This study conducts a literature review to comprehensively analyze the mechanisms of iron, copper, and magnesium in OP. The research encompasses multiple fields, including in vitro experiments, in vivo experiments, case-control studies, cross-sectional studies, and materials science, to reveal the impact of trace elements on the occurrence and development of osteoporosis. Iron accumulation promotes the development of OP by causing a reduction in osteoblast activity. Ferroptosis induces a decline in the function of osteoblasts, leading to reduced bone formation functionality; copper intake is positively correlated with bone density to a certain extent, and copper ions aid in the repair and regeneration of bone tissue. Copper-induced cell death may participate in the pathogenesis of OP by affecting the mitochondrial function and the immune response; magnesium ions promote bone formation, and the intake of magnesium is related to bone quality. Magnesium-containing materials show potential in the treatment of osteoporosis. Trace elements such as iron, copper, and magnesium are closely related to the occurrence and development of OP. Future research needs to further explore the specific mechanisms of these elements to develop new treatment strategies for OP.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Osteoporosis
  topic: keywords
subject: trace elements
  topic: keywords
subject: iron
  topic: keywords
subject: copper
  topic: keywords
subject: magnesium
  topic: keywords
creator: Xunwei Wang
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 MedScien
date: 2026-01-13
publication date: 2026-01-13
doi: 10.61173/143me945

The Double-Edged Sword of AI Medical Consultation Tools: Navigating Between Empowerment and Exacerbated Health Anxiety
type: item
description: The integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI) into healthcare, particularly through AI-based medical consultation tools (AIMCTs) like symptom checkers and health chatbots, represents a significant shift in patient engagement. These tools promise to democratize access to health information, reduce clinician burden, and empower users. However, this convenience carries a profound psychological risk: the potentiation of health anxiety. This paper explores the dual-edged nature of AIMCTs, analyzing how they alleviate uncertainty while simultaneously acting as catalysts for health anxiety, or “cyberchondria.” By synthesizing evidence on their benefits, the mechanisms of anxiety exacerbation including risk amplification, AI hallucinations, and the patterns identified in cyberchondria research, evidence-based approach to the design and deployment of AIMCTs to mitigate adverse effects and ensure they serve as responsible aids in healthcare.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: AI Medical Consultation Tools
  topic: keywords
subject: Health Anxiety
  topic: keywords
subject: Cyberchondria
  topic: keywords
subject: Risk Amplification
  topic: keywords
subject: Empathic Design
  topic: keywords
creator: Emily Yu
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 MedScien
date: 2025-12-19
publication date: 2025-12-19
doi: 10.61173/p5dnx767

How Technological Innovation Reshapes the Paradigm of Disease Prediction and Treatment
type: item
description: This paper adopts a macro perspective spanning the philosophy of technology and the history of medicine to systematically argue that the technological innovation cluster—comprising big data, artificial intelligence, and biotechnology—has disrupted the traditional medical paradigm. We first deconstruct the old paradigm characterized by “reactive diagnosis and treatment, standardized protocols, and physician-centered care” along with its inherent limitations. We then delve into the synergistic disruptive mechanisms generated by the technology cluster through three dimensions: “data-driven cognition,” “intelligent algorithms reshaping decisionmaking,” and “biotechnology redefining interventions.” This reveals three defining features of the new paradigm: At the practice level, it enables precision prediction and dynamic intervention based on individualized data; At the agency level, it establishes a collaborative relationship among physicians, AI, and patients. The study also highlights the new paradigm’s ethical challenges, including data privacy and algorithmic fairness, providing crucial insights for understanding contemporary medical transformation and planning future healthcare systems.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Paradigm shift
  topic: keywords
subject: Precision medicine
  topic: keywords
subject: Artificial intelligence
  topic: keywords
subject: Digital technology
  topic: keywords
creator: Haochen Xu
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 MedScien
date: 2025-12-19
publication date: 2025-12-19
doi: 10.61173/w66hqz83

Study on Diagnosis of Fetal Chromosomal Abnormalities by Ultrasound Screening and Ultrasound-Guided Amniocentesis
type: item
description: With advancements in modern medical technology, prenatal diagnosis has become increasingly crucial. This review focuses on exploring the clinical value, application status, and research progress of two key prenatal diagnostic methods—ultrasound screening and ultrasound-guided amniocentesis—in the detection of fetal chromosomal abnormalities. By systematically summarizing relevant literature and clinical studies, the review analyzes the effectiveness, safety, and applicable scenarios of these two methods, compares their advantages and limitations with other common prenatal screening and diagnostic techniques, and identifies the core indications for their clinical application. The study reveals significantly higher detection rates of chromosomal abnormalities in the ultrasound screening abnormal group compared to the Down syndrome screening group. Key indications for amniocentesis include abnormal Down syndrome screening results, ultrasound screening abnormalities (such as NT thickening), and advanced maternal age. This research demonstrates the clinical significance of early pregnancy ultrasound screening in detecting fetal chromosomal abnormalities, while ultrasound-guided amniocentesis proves to be a safe and reliable diagnostic method.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Ultrasound screening
  topic: keywords
subject: Amniocentesis
  topic: keywords
subject: Ohromosomal abnormalities
  topic: keywords
subject: Prenatal diagnosis
  topic: keywords
subject: Down syndrome
  topic: keywords
creator: Yunjie Sheng
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 MedScien
date: 2025-12-19
publication date: 2025-12-19
doi: 10.61173/ha253s22

Small RNAs in Bacterial Outer Membrane Vesicles
type: item
description: Outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) from Gram-negative bacteria exhibit selective enrichment for small RNAs (sRNAs), including tRNA fragments, as opposed to randomly reflecting cellular RNA pools. Building on well-established RNase-detergent controls and ddRTPCR quantification, we summarise delivery stoichiometry (≈1% of vesicle RNA reaching recipient cytoplasm) and propose reporting standards (vesicles per cell, RNA copies per vesicle, delivery per cell). Functionally, OMV RNAs signal via two main routes: cytosolic Argonaute-dependent silencing and endosomal TLR7/8 sensing in both pathogenic and commensal bacterial species. We highlight evidence that OMVs can travel along the gut–brain axis and activate astrocytic NF-κB, thereby exacerbating amyloidassociated pathology, and we outline the experimental controls needed to attribute these effects specifically to RNA cargo. Finally, we consider how these principles could guide the engineering of probiotic-derived OMVs to tune immune tone within a quantitative mechanistic framework. This review identifies key methodological gaps and puts forth quantitative frameworks for studying RNA delivery.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: outer membrane vesicles
  topic: keywords
subject: small RNAs
  topic: keywords
subject: tRNA fragments
  topic: keywords
subject: TLR7/8 sensing
  topic: keywords
subject: Argonaute-mediated silencing
  topic: keywords
creator: Boxi Tan
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 MedScien
date: 2025-12-19
publication date: 2025-12-19
doi: 10.61173/3ptg1n22

Application of Multi-Omics Analysis in Periodontitis
type: item
description: Periodontitis is a highly prevalent chronic inflammatory disease characterized by the progressive destruction of the tooth-supporting tissues and is closely associated with systemic health conditions. The complex and heterogeneous pathogenesis of periodontitis necessitates the adoption of comprehensive approaches to elucidate its molecular mechanisms. The advent of high-throughput omics technologies has revolutionized biomedical research, thereby enabling integrative multi-omics analysis to provide a holistic view of biological systems. This review aims to synthesize recent advances in the application of multi-omics strategies—including genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics—in periodontitis research. This paper discusses how these approaches have elucidated the etiopathogenesis, identified novel diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers, and revealed potential therapeutic targets. Furthermore, this research explores the emerging role of artificial intelligence in integrating and interpreting complex multi-omics datasets. The conclusion underscores that multi-omics integration is pivotal for advancing personalized dentistry and precision medicine in periodontitis management, albeit challenges in data standardization and clinical translation remain to be addressed.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Periodontitis
  topic: keywords
subject: Multi-Omics
  topic: keywords
subject: Biomarkers
  topic: keywords
subject: Pathogenesis
  topic: keywords
creator: Bohan Xiao
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 MedScien
date: 2025-12-19
publication date: 2025-12-19
doi: 10.61173/dyc8dx78

The capability humans adapting hearing in extreme conditions
type: item
description: “Adaptation is an essential feature of auditory neurons, which reduces their responses to unchanging and recurring sounds and allows their response properties to be matched to the constantly changing statistics of sounds that reach the ears. As a consequence, processing in the auditory system highlights novel or unpredictable sounds and produces an efficient representation of the vast range of sounds that animals can perceive by continually adjusting the sensitivity and, to a lesser extent, the tuning properties of neurons to the most commonly encountered stimulus values. Together with attentional modulation, adaptation to sound statistics also helps to generate neural representations of sound that are tolerant to background noise and therefore plays a vital role in auditory scene analysis. In this review, we consider the diverse forms of adaptation that are found in the auditory system in terms of the processing levels at which they arise, the underlying neural mechanisms, and their impact on neural coding and perception. We also ask what the dynamics of adaptation, which can occur over multiple timescales, reveal about the statistical properties of the environment. Finally, we examine how adaptation to sound statistics is influenced by learning and experience and changes as a result of aging and hearing loss.”
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Neurons
  topic: keywords
subject: Response
  topic: keywords
subject: Perceive
  topic: keywords
subject: Sensitivity
  topic: keywords
subject: Adapt
  topic: keywords
subject: Auditory
  topic: keywords
subject: Stimulus
  topic: keywords
subject: Noise
  topic: keywords
subject: Mechanisms
  topic: keywords
creator: Kun Zhang
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 MedScien
date: 2025-12-19
publication date: 2025-12-19
doi: 10.61173/5pr54n62

Research Progress and Application of Mung Bean Protein in 3D Food Printing: Performance Regulation and Application Expansion
type: item
description: 3D food printing technology has opened up a new manufacturing path for personalized food customization. Mung bean protein, with its high nutritional value and excellent functional properties, has broad application prospects in this field. This paper reviews the extraction process and modification techniques of mung bean protein, focusing on the intrinsic connection between its key properties and 3D printing performance. It also explores the impact of pretreatment methods, printing parameter settings, and additive usage on the final 3D printing effect. By comparing mung bean protein with other legume proteins through evidence-based data, the paper demonstrates its application potential in areas such as meat product analogues, antioxidant functional snacks, and infant complementary foods. At the same time, it points out the current research deficiencies, such as the destruction of protein secondary structure due to high-temperature printing, the disruption of gel networks by freeze-thaw cycles, low sensory acceptance, and immature large-scale production control. Finally, it looks forward to future development directions, providing theoretical support for the scientific research and “tailored nutrition” of plant protein-based 3D printed foods.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Mung bean protein
  topic: keywords
subject: 3D food printing
  topic: keywords
subject: Performance regulation
  topic: keywords
subject: Rheological properties
  topic: keywords
subject: Application of mung bean protein
  topic: keywords
creator: Yantong Chen
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 MedScien
date: 2025-12-19
publication date: 2025-12-19
doi: 10.61173/rqtg2776

Multi-omics Integration in AMD: the CFH Gene Case Study
type: item
description: Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a progressive retinal disease and a leading cause of irreversible blindness in older adults, imposing a substantial global health burden. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified over 50 loci associated with AMD, yet most lie in non-coding regions, obscuring the underlying molecular mechanisms. This paper highlights the application of multiomics integration—a framework that combines genetic associations with regulatory and functional outcomes across molecular layers—to elucidate the genetic risk of AMD, with a particular focus on the CFH gene, a central player in AMD pathogenesis. This study first summarizes key omics data types (genomics, transcriptomics, epigenomics) and core analytical tools, such as colocalization analysis and expression quantitative trait loci (eQTL) mapping. This then examines CFH-centered multi-omics findings, including evidence of shared causal variants between AMD GWAS and CFH eQTLs, and tissue-specific regulatory effects observed in the liver and retinal pigment epithelium. The discussion further extends to other AMD loci (e.g., ARMS2/HTRA1, C3) and outlines technical challenges such as data heterogeneity, tissue accessibility and translational potential. Overall, despite existing complexities, multi-omics integration provides an essential bridge between genetic associations and disease mechanisms, offering a roadmap for improved risk prediction and the development of mechanism-driven, biomarker-based therapeutics for AMD.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Age-related macular degeneration
  topic: keywords
subject: CFH gene
  topic: keywords
subject: multi-omics integration
  topic: keywords
subject: GWAS
  topic: keywords
subject: eQTL
  topic: keywords
subject: colocalization
  topic: keywords
creator: Zheqin Yang
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 MedScien
date: 2025-12-19
publication date: 2025-12-19
doi: 10.61173/e328em58

The Analysis of BCI Technology and its Influences on Human-being
type: item
description: With the rapid advancement of neuroscience, computer science, and material science, the studies of the human brain are entering a new era. Brain-Computer Interface (BCI) technology aims to create a direct link between a person’s brain and external devices for more convenient communication. This area is attracting more investigation that falls squarely at the meeting point of neural engineering and artificial intelligence. This article starts with exploring the basics, how BCIs work, and their types, all based on a review of current research. This paper concludes that BCI is a creative way in which humans can connect with computers, with very much potential to benefit human beings in various fields.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Brain-Computer Interface
  topic: keywords
subject: human
  topic: keywords
subject: neuroscience
  topic: keywords
creator: Leiying Zhang
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 MedScien
date: 2025-12-19
publication date: 2025-12-19
doi: 10.61173/zpk2dt40

The Role of Single-Leg Vertical Jump in Return-to-Sport Evaluation After ACL Reconstruction — A Critical Review Based on Optical Motion Capture
type: item
description: Anter ior cruciate l igament (ACL) injuries and reconstruction surgeries are very common in sports medicine. Scientific evaluation and documentation of return-to-sport (RTS) readiness are key steps to reduce the risk of re-injury. This paper builds on research published in the British Journal of Sports Medicine (2022), explaining the use of optical motion capture in evaluating functional performance after ACL reconstruction. The study found that while horizontal hop tests often appear symmetrical, the single-leg vertical jump (SLJ) more effectively reveals deficits in knee joint function. This review summarizes the contributions of the research, critically analyzes its limitations, and proposes directions for future improvement. In addition, ACL injuries are common in sports requiring single-leg deceleration, cutting, and landing movements, such as basketball, soccer, handball, and skiing, with most being non-contact injuries. As competition levels rise, ACL injuries and reconstructions are increasingly frequent, highlighting the necessity of establishing sensitive and reproducible RTS evaluation indicators.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: ACL Reconstruction
  topic: keywords
subject: Optical Motion Capture
  topic: keywords
subject: Return-to-Sport Evaluation
  topic: keywords
subject: Single-Leg Vertical Jump
  topic: keywords
subject: Critical Review
  topic: keywords
creator: Muze Du
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 MedScien
date: 2025-12-19
publication date: 2025-12-19
doi: 10.61173/rqx7a173

The Association between Family History and the Risk of Hereditary Cardiovascular Disease: A Cohort Study Based on UK Biobank
type: item
description: Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are leading causes of morbidity and mortality globally, with genetic and familial factors significant affecting their development. Understanding the impact of family history on the risk of CVD is crucial for early intervention and prevention. This study aims to explore the association between family history and the risk of hereditary CVD according to the data from the UK Biobank. The records of adult participants with complete family history data were analyzed, excluding those with pre-existing hereditary CVD. The results show that individuals with a family history of CVD have a significantly higher incidence of hereditary CVD compared to those without such a history. Further analysis revealed that this association is influenced by gender and lifestyle factors, with males and individuals with unhealthy lifestyles showing a higher risk. These findings highlight the importance of family history as an independent predictor of hereditary risk of CVD and emphasize the need for personalized preventive strategies. Future research should focus on longitudinal cohort studies and the integration of wearable devices and mobile health applications to enhance risk prediction and management.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Family History
  topic: keywords
subject: Cardiovascular diseases
  topic: keywords
subject: Genetic risk
  topic: keywords
subject: UK Biobank
  topic: keywords
subject: Lifestyle factors
  topic: keywords
creator: Jiale Han
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 MedScien
date: 2025-12-19
publication date: 2025-12-19
doi: 10.61173/wvt0mw53