ISSN 2960-1290(Online) Editor: Shibin Cheng (Brown University), Alexei (Columbia University), Aytek Erdil (University of Cambridge), Cosimo Arnesano (University of Southern California), Freya Baetens (Cambridge University), Osman (Carnegie Mellon University) MedScien upholds a rigorous review process to ensure that only high-quality studies are published, providing readers with reliable and well-researched content. The journal offers a comprehensive platform covering a diverse range of topics, from fundamental medical sciences such as anatomy, physiology, and pharmacology to clinical specialties including cardiology, oncology, and pediatrics. This broad scope keeps readers informed about the latest advancements across various medical fields. Additionally, MedScien places a strong emphasis on the practical applications of research findings, promoting studies that have real-world relevance for clinical practice and healthcare policy-making. By bridging theoretical research with practical implications, the journal serves as an invaluable resource for healthcare professionals and medical researchers alike.
Next-Generation HER2-Targeted ADCs: Comparative Mechanisms and Efficacy of T-DXd versus T-DM1 in Breast Cancer
Breast cancer is widely regarded as the most prevalent cancer across populations worldwide, among which HER2-positive breast cancer represents a key subtype. A comparative analysis of two prominent HER2-directed antibody–drug conjugates (ADCs), namely trastuzumab emtansine (T-DM1) and trastuzumab deruxtecan (T-DXd), is presented in this study. Both take trastuzumab as the targeting basis, but they differ significantly in payload type, linker design and drug release mode. T-DM1 mainly acts on tumor cells with high HER2 expression and can effectively internalize the drug. Its released products have poor membrane permeability with relatively limited bystander effects. In contrast, T-DXd has a higher drug-toantibody ratio. The free toxins released by it can diffuse across cell membranes, generate effects on surrounding tumor cells and produce a bystander effect. Therefore, it also shows certain strengths in overcoming tumor heterogeneity and partial drug resistance. Existing clinical studies have shown that in advanced HER2-positive breast cancer, T-DXd presents superior disease control, survival benefits and remission effects compared with T-DM1. In HER2-low expression breast cancer, T-DXd also exhibits broader application potential, while the efficacy of T-DM1 is relatively limited. In general, nextgeneration ADCs have significantly improved the efficacy of HER2-targeting therapy through structural optimization. Further improvements are still needed in reducing toxicity, delaying drug resistance and promoting individualized treatment in the future.
Molecular Mechanisms and Therapeutic Advances in Androgenetic Alopecia
Androgenetic alopecia (AGA), also known as seborrheic alopecia, is the most common type of hair loss in clinical practice, accounting for about 80% of all types of hair loss. In China, the prevalence among men and women is approximately 21.3% and 6%, respectively, affecting a wide population. Although it does not threaten physical health, it seriously impacts patients' mental health and quality of life and has shown a trend toward younger onset in recent years. This article provides a systematic review of the clinical features of AGA, influencing factors, molecular mechanisms, and mainstream drug treatment strategies, with a focus on the core roles of 5α-reductase and androgen receptor (AR) in disease pathogenesis. It explores the mechanisms of action, clinical efficacy, and safety of various drugs such as minoxidil and finasteride, and summarizes research advances in new drug delivery methods and combination therapy strategies. Studies have found that the pathogenesis of AGA is the result of multiple factors, including abnormal androgen metabolism, polygenic inheritance, and microinflammation, with the collaborative regulation of type II 5α-reductase and AR being a key link in disease development. Existing therapeutic drugs still have limitations, while new delivery methods and combination therapies can effectively improve efficacy. Personalized treatment and the exploration of new targets are future research directions. This article reviews recent research findings in the field of AGA, identifies current research shortcomings, and provides references for optimizing clinical diagnosis and treatment as well as for subsequent related studies.
Multi-target Mechanism of Action of Curcumin in Rheumatoid Arthritis and Clinical Application
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) has become a common disease that poses a significant threat to human health, and its conventional therapeutic approaches exhibit certain limitations. In recent years, increasing attention has been directed toward the clinical application and underlying mechanisms of Curcumin in the treatment of RA. This article presents a literature review that systematically summarizes the pathogenesis of RA, the pharmacological properties of curcumin, its mechanisms of action in RA, as well as relevant clinical studies and their application within the framework of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) syndrome differentiation. Existing evidence suggests that curcumin can effectively alleviate clinical symptoms in patients with RA and improve overall therapeutic outcomes. Its core mechanisms are primarily associated with the modulation of anti-inflammatory pathways. Meanwhile, the majority of studies have validated its role as a foundational therapeutic agent. In conclusion, curcumin demonstrates a certain degree of feasibility in the treatment of RA; however, further high-quality clinical trials are required to verify its safety and to strengthen the evidence base for its clinical feasibility.
The Treatment of Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma with PD-1/PD-L1 Inhibitors
Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) often presents insidiously and has a high proportion of late-stage diagnosis, with a five-year survival rate of only 50% to 60% for traditional combined treatment, indicating a poor overall prognosis. Immunotherapy has now become a hotspot in tumor research, yet there are still many research shortcomings in the immunotherapy of OSCC. This article reviews the application of PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors in OSCC. The results show that this target is highly expressed in cancer tissues, promoting tumor progression and indicating a poor prognosis. These drugs can rebuild the body's anti-tumor immunity and effectively improve the survival outcomes of patients with advanced disease and platinum resistance. However, the efficacy of monotherapy is limited, with an effective rate of only 20% to 30%, accompanied by the risk of resistance and various adverse reactions. This study provides a theoretical reference for the clinical practice of immunotherapy for OSCC. Currently, the mechanisms of resistance and individualized treatment options remain unclear. In the future, it is necessary to precisely screen suitable candidates, continuously optimize combination treatment modes, and promote the standardized development of immunotherapy for OSCC.
Molecular Mechanism and Clinical Optimization of Isotretinoin in the Treatment of Acne
Acne is a very common chronic inflammatory skin disease that can cause permanent scarring and psychological problems. Oral isotretinoin is the first choice for severe and persistent acne. To this day, the exact molecular mechanism of action is not well-known, and thus it has not been applied in clinical practice. With the latest research, this paper will systematically explain the current molecular mechanisms of isotretinoin in the treatment of acne and evaluate its clinical effect and improvement direction. Isotretinoin has some anti-inflammatory and normalising effects on the secretion of the outer layer, changes in cell division of keratinocytes, etc. Based on the above clinical studies, the usual dose of isotretinoin has good clearance in severe acne; a low-dose regimen can also be used to treat mild acne and rosacea. Combination of Laser and Phototherapy Treatment. Generally speaking, the amount of dry skin and mucous membranes after a single dose varies among individuals. Based on current research, it has not been found that isotretinoin causes depression or inflammatory bowel disease. In the future, through nanomedicine formulations, molecular modification and combination therapy, it is expected that isotretinoin will be more effective and safer.
Efficacy Analysis of Guizhi Fuling Wan in the Treatment of Primary Dysmenorrhea
Primary dysmenorrhea is a highly prevalent benign gynecological disorder among women of childbearing age. Its core pathogenesis lies in the excessive synthesis and release of endometrial prostaglandin F2α(PGF2α). Guizhi Fuling Wan(GZFLW), a classic prescription in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) for promoting blood circulation and resolving blood stasis, has been widely used in the clinical treatment of this disease. This paper systematically reviews the molecular mechanisms and clinical evidence of GZFLW in the treatment of primary dysmenorrhea. It can alleviate uterine smooth muscle spasm and pain through effecting the Nuclear Factor-κB (NF-κB)/Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2)/PGF2α Signaling Pathway, downregulating Oxytocin Receptor (OTR) Protein Expression and regulating small molecules in uterine tissues, with synergetic therapeutic efficacy with Non-Steroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs) and a favorable safety profile. In view of the limitations of existing studies, which are mostly focused on combination medication and lack comparative studies with other TCM preparations. Monotherapy research can be explored in the future to improve the relevant evidence-based foundation.
Mechanisms and Clinical Application of Methotrexate in Rheumatoid Arthritis
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a systemic, chronic autoimmune disease that can severely damage the patient's joints and place a great burden on their work and life. Methotrexate (MTX) is currently the firstchoice drug for treating RA. It achieves the therapeutic goal of RA by inhibiting immune responses, promoting the release of adenosine from cells, and inhibiting angiogenesis. However, the efficacy and side effects of MTX vary significantly among individuals, and longterm, high-dose use of MTX can cause serious adverse reactions in some patients, forcing them to discontinue the medication. This article comprehensively analyzes the pathological mechanisms of RA and the molecular and cellular mechanisms of MTX on RA, concluding that the clinical efficacy of MTX and MTX combined with Wind-Dispelling and Dampness-Removing Pain-Relieving Decoction or cannabidiol (CBD) can effectively improve clinical outcomes. It provides a reference for future research on combination therapy with MTX, and the issue of the considerable differences in the clinical efficacy of MTX has not been resolved. Future research can focus on the individual differences in MTX.
The Neuroprotective Mechanism of Gastrodin in the Intervention of Alzheimer's Disease
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the core pathological features of β-amyloid (Aβ) deposition and excessive phosphorylation of Tau protein. Its pathological changes can induce oxidative stress, neuroinflammation and neuronal apoptosis, ultimately leading to cognitive dysfunction. Gastrodin, as the main active component of the traditional Chinese medicine Gastrodia elata, has attracted extensive attention due to its good blood-brain barrier penetration ability and multi-target neuroprotective effects. This article systematically reviews the molecular mechanisms and preclinical research evidence of gastrodin in the intervention of AD. At the molecular level, gastrodin exerts antioxidant stress, inhibits neuroinflammation, blocks neuronal apoptosis and protects the blood-brain barrier by regulating multiple signaling pathways. Animal experiments have shown that gastrodin can effectively reduce Aβ deposition and Tau protein phosphorylation, improve mitochondrial energy metabolism, and significantly enhance the learning and memory ability of AD model animals. In conclusion, gastrodin exerts neuroprotective effects through a multi-target network system of "antioxidant-anti-inflammatory-anti-apoptotic", showing great potential as an innovative drug for AD or a neuroprotective agent.
The Molecular Mechanisms and Current Clinical Applications of Paeoniflorin in Rheumatoid Arthritis
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune disease and a debilitating condition that significantly impacts patients’ lives, placing a considerable burden on healthcare systems and society as a whole. At the same time, natural medicinal compounds are gradually emerging as a key area of research due to their notable advantage of holistic regulation. Therefore, this paper concentrate data from a wide range of literature sources. To offers a more comprehensive perspective on the role and recent developments regarding paeoniflorin in the treatment of RA. Paeoniflorin is the principal constituent of white peony root. Research find that, the paeoniflorin exerts anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects by modulating multiple signalling pathways and regulating relevant lncRNA. Furthermore, a highly selective inhibitor from paeoniflorin, Ritlecitinib, is currently in Phase II clinal trials. The paper according to the limitations of paeoniflorin, put forward to the prospects for its use in the treatment of RA. And it is expect that this will bring about higher therapeutic effects, reducing the economic burden.
Analysis of the Mechanism of Action and Therapeutic Efficacy of Semaglutide in the Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
How to control Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) has been one of the most important current health issues which should be given priority to. Against this background, Semaglutide has created a new breakthrough point for this predicament: while protecting the cardiovascular system and liver, it controls the patient's blood glucose level through two pathways. This article focuses on analyzing the mechanism of action of semaglutide and explores its current shortcomings. As a glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonist, semaglutide achieves both blood sugar lowering and weight loss via a multifaceted mechanism. In the field of T2DM treatment, large-scale clinical trials have confirmed that semaglutide not only has a strong hypoglycemic effect, but also lowers risk of hypoglycemia and clearly protect the cardiovascular, and has become the first-line choice for patients with cardiovascular diseases or high-risk factors. Future research should focus on a more comprehensive evaluation of the drug's safety, while also emphasizing its clinical benefits.
Synergistic Regulation of Glucolipid Metabolism by Ginseng Polysaccharides and Ginsenosides: Divergent Microbiota Modulation and Convergent Activation of Intestinal Gluconeogenesis
Ginseng polysaccharides (GPS) and ginsenosides are two major bioactive components of Panax ginseng, both exhibiting regulatory effects on glucolipid metabolism. Traditional research has focused on individual components, but recent evidence suggests that they may exert synergistic effects mediated by the gut microbiota [1,2]. This review systematically summarizes the mechanisms by which GPS and ginsenosides cooperatively regulate glucolipid metabolism via the gut–organ axis. The gut–organ axis is defined as the bidirectional communication network linking the gut microbiota (via its metabolites, such as short‑chain fatty acids and succinate) to distal organs (liver, pancreas, and brain). The available evidence indicates that GPS act as prebiotics, modulating gut microbiota composition, promoting short‑chain fatty acids (SCFAs) production, and enhancing the biotransformation of ginsenosides [1,6]. Ginsenosides are metabolized by the gut microbiota into highly active metabolites (e.g., Compound K) and differentially enrich Proteobacteria and succinate [2,8]. GPS and ginsenosides jointly activate intestinal gluconeogenesis (IGN) through complementary pathways (SCFAs via FFAR2/FFAR3, succinate via SUCNR1), and the resulting portal vein glucose signal further influences systemic energy homeostasis via the gut‑liver and gut‑brain axes [2,8]. This "divergent microbiota modulation–convergent target engagement" synergistic pattern provides a mechanistic explanation for the multi‑component metabolic regulation of ginseng and offers a new mechanistic perspective for the health management of metabolic diseases.
Peripheral Blood Aging-Related Gene Signatures Enable Temporal Stage Discrimination in Intracerebral Hemorrhage: An Integrative Analysis with Exploratory m6A Profiling of IRS1
Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is a life-threatening neurological emergency with disproportionately high mortality and disability rates, particularly among elderly individuals. Aging is the most critical non-modifiable risk factor for ICH, yet the transcriptomic changes associated with aging during ICH temporal progression remain poorly characterized. Peripheral blood transcriptomics offers a non-invasive window into the systemic molecular response following hemorrhagic brain injury; however, no study has systematically interrogated the aging-related transcriptomic landscape across different post-ICH stages at the peripheral blood level. We retrieved the peripheral blood gene expression dataset GSE125512 from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database, comprising samples from 22 ICH patients collected at 24 hours and 72 hours post-onset. Differential expression analysis was performed using DESeq2, and the resulting differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were intersected with aging-related genes (ARGs) curated from the Human Ageing Genomic Resources (HAGR) GenAge database. The aging-related DEGs were subjected to Gene Ontology (GO) and KEGG pathway enrichment analyses, protein-protein interaction (PPI) network construction, and logistic regressionbased modeling. Cross-species validation was performed using a murine ICH single-cell RNA sequencing dataset (GSE167593). A total of 218 DEGs were identified between the 24-hour and 72-hour post-ICH groups, comprising 178 upregulated and 40 downregulated genes. Intersection with 109 ARGs yielded 6 aging-related hub genes: CD24, EGF, ICAM1, IRS1, MYB, and VEGFA. Functional enrichment analysis revealed significant enrichment in pathways related to neuroinflammation, PI3K-AKT signaling, and cellular senescence. A machine learning-based temporal progression model incorporating the 6 hub genes achieved an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) of 0.70, with IRS1 and ICAM1 identified as the highest-weighted stage-discriminative features. Five of the 6 hub genes (EGF, ICAM1, IRS1, MYB, and VEGFA) demonstrated conserved expression in the murine ICH single-cell dataset, with CD24 showing species-specific absence potentially attributable to ortholog nomenclature differences or low cell-type-specific expression. This study presents a systematic characterization of aging-related transcriptomic dysregulation in ICH and identifies a 6-gene peripheral blood signature associated with temporal stage discrimination. The identified hub genes—particularly CD24, ICAM1, and VEGFA—show a potential regulatory association with neuroinflammation, blood-brain barrier disruption, and vascular remodeling pathways altered during ICH progression in the context of aging. This integrative bioinformatics and machine learning framework may provide a useful reference for aging-related biomarker discovery in hemorrhagic stroke and related neurological disorders.
The Neuroscience of Mindful Tea Rituals: Effects on Attention and Learning
The paper is about the impact of mindfulness-based tea brewing rituals on attention and learning through the physiological events that take place in the brain, particularly in the prefrontal cortex. It discusses what the studies have to say about the functions, brain waves, prediction errors, and the effects of the compounds in tea on the brain. Some studies have shown that attention, in a certain way, can improve the functioning of the prefrontal cortex of the brain, quiet the noise in the brain, and increase cognitive control. Moreover, the compounds in tea, such as L-theanine, can also have an impact on the brain, making the individual calm yet alert, which is important for maintaining attention. Therefore, the physiological events that take place in the body due to tea can help maintain the brain in an optimal state for learning.
Exploring the Role of Dopamine in Curiosity-Driven Learning Using Reinforcement Learning Models
Curiosity-driven learning is a core feature of biological intelligence, manifested in the active exploration of environments by organisms even in the absence of external rewards. This study integrates neurobiological findings with reinforcement learning theory to construct a unified computational framework that reconceptualizes dopamine as an encoder of "total prediction error." In this framework, behavioral selection maximizes total value, which comprises both external rewards and intrinsic informational value. Intrinsic rewards are quantified based on novelty or prediction error, while the weight assigned to exploration is dynamically modulated by the prefrontal cortex. Dopamine neurons encode total prediction error, thereby extending the conventional role of dopamine from a reward prediction error encoder to a more general encoder of violated expectations. The hippocampus generates intrinsic reward signals, the prefrontal cortex regulates the exploration weight, the ventral tegmental area integrates these signals to compute total prediction error, and the striatum translates this error into action selection. This model bridges the explanatory gap between neuroscience and computational theory, offering a unified perspective on the intrinsic motivation underlying curiosity and exploratory behavior. In practical terms, it also provides new insights into the mechanisms of psychiatric disorders.
Mechanisms of Molecular Glue Degraders and Their Applications in Hematological Malignancies
Molecular glue degraders (MGDs) belong to a category of small-molecule compounds that bring E3 ubiquitin ligases and target proteins close to each other, thereby initiating the ubiquitination process and the subsequent breakdown of the target proteins. In the past few years, these substances have shown considerable therapeutic potential in the treatment of hematological malignancies. This review comprehensively summarizes the action mechanisms of MGDs, sorts out their preclinical and clinical advances in hematological cancers, and explores the existing challenges as well as future development directions. MGDs offer a new approach for cancer treatment, yet further research is needed to clarify their resistance mechanisms and improve the precision of target selection.
Multifactorial Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, and Therapeutic Strategies in Alzheimer’s Disease
Alzheimer's disease (AD) has traditionally been explained by the amyloid cascade hypothesis as its core mechanism. However, the limitations of single-target therapies reflect that AD cannot be simply explained by a linear pathogenic mechanism. This review examines key mechanisms including the Aβ-tau axis, neuroinflammation, genetic factors, and mitochondrial metabolic abnormalities, proposing that AD pathogenesis should instead be modeled as a multifactorial pathological network. Different pathological nodes amplify disease severity collectively, with multiple factors synergistically driving neuronal network dysfunction and cognitive decline. The review also examines trends in blood biomarkers, imaging, and digital metrics, exploring stratified diagnostics and nodetargeted therapies for multifactorial pathogenesis. This model integrates diverse mechanisms into a comprehensive disease network, providing a theoretical foundation for precision medicine.
Effectiveness of Wearable Technologies in Sports Therapy: Surface EMG and Accelerometers
High-intensity, high-frequency exercise loads render muscle, ligament, and joint injuries among the most common ailments in training and competition. Affected athletes often experience persistent muscle weakness, compensatory movement patterns, and recurrent injuries. In recent years, the application of wearable devices in sports rehabilitation has mitigated these negative effects. Common types include surface electromyography (sEMG) and accelerometers. Compared to traditional exercise therapy, wearable technology integrates quantitative data, providing a more reliable understanding of the athlete’s injury and helping physicians develop more effective rehabilitation plans. However, when analyzing the effectiveness of these two wearable technologies, accelerometers and surface electromyography, several potential factors and limitations still need to be considered, such as the high cost, which may limit their widespread adoption and effectiveness in the field of sports therapy. Based on existing clinical and sports science research, this paper evaluates the effectiveness of sEMG and accelerometers in sports therapy, focusing on their benefits in movement quality assessment, training load management, and individualized rehabilitation plan development. It also briefly explores the potential of combining wearable data with artificial intelligence modeling for injury risk assessment and rehabilitation decision support.
Clinical Efficacy and Mechanism of Action of Acupuncture in Treating Primary Dysmenorrhea
Primary dysmenorrhea (PD) is a prevalent gynecological condition that profoundly impairs the quality of life. Acupuncture, a traditional Chinese therapy, has demonstrated significant efficacy and unique advantages in managing PD. Clinical evidence has corroborated that acupuncture, particularly when targeted at key acupoints such as SP6 (Sanyinjiao) and CV4 (Guanyuan), effectively mitigates pain and reduces reliance on analgesic agents. Its therapeutic effect is often superior to placebos and comparable to conventional pharmacotherapies. The underlying mechanisms involve multi-system integration: Peripherally, it attenuates uterine cramping by inhibiting inflammatory pathways and modulating prostaglandin balance. Centrally, it exerts analgesia by activating the endogenous opioid system and regulating neuroimmune crosstalk, and can also modulate brain network connectivity. Furthermore, the efficacy of acupuncture exhibits relative acupoint specificity and is dependent on the timing of intervention. In conclusion, acupuncture represents a safe and effective non-pharmacological intervention for PD. Its multi-targeted, systemic regulatory effects provide a robust evidence-based foundation for its clinical application.
Research Progress on Essential Trace Elements Associated with Osteoporosis
Osteoporosis (OP) is a common skeletal disease affecting millions of people worldwide. The relationship between trace elements and OP has garnered widespread attention in recent years. This study conducts a literature review to comprehensively analyze the mechanisms of iron, copper, and magnesium in OP. The research encompasses multiple fields, including in vitro experiments, in vivo experiments, case-control studies, cross-sectional studies, and materials science, to reveal the impact of trace elements on the occurrence and development of osteoporosis. Iron accumulation promotes the development of OP by causing a reduction in osteoblast activity. Ferroptosis induces a decline in the function of osteoblasts, leading to reduced bone formation functionality; copper intake is positively correlated with bone density to a certain extent, and copper ions aid in the repair and regeneration of bone tissue. Copper-induced cell death may participate in the pathogenesis of OP by affecting the mitochondrial function and the immune response; magnesium ions promote bone formation, and the intake of magnesium is related to bone quality. Magnesium-containing materials show potential in the treatment of osteoporosis. Trace elements such as iron, copper, and magnesium are closely related to the occurrence and development of OP. Future research needs to further explore the specific mechanisms of these elements to develop new treatment strategies for OP.
The Double-Edged Sword of AI Medical Consultation Tools: Navigating Between Empowerment and Exacerbated Health Anxiety
The integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI) into healthcare, particularly through AI-based medical consultation tools (AIMCTs) like symptom checkers and health chatbots, represents a significant shift in patient engagement. These tools promise to democratize access to health information, reduce clinician burden, and empower users. However, this convenience carries a profound psychological risk: the potentiation of health anxiety. This paper explores the dual-edged nature of AIMCTs, analyzing how they alleviate uncertainty while simultaneously acting as catalysts for health anxiety, or “cyberchondria.” By synthesizing evidence on their benefits, the mechanisms of anxiety exacerbation including risk amplification, AI hallucinations, and the patterns identified in cyberchondria research, evidence-based approach to the design and deployment of AIMCTs to mitigate adverse effects and ensure they serve as responsible aids in healthcare.
How Technological Innovation Reshapes the Paradigm of Disease Prediction and Treatment
This paper adopts a macro perspective spanning the philosophy of technology and the history of medicine to systematically argue that the technological innovation cluster—comprising big data, artificial intelligence, and biotechnology—has disrupted the traditional medical paradigm. We first deconstruct the old paradigm characterized by “reactive diagnosis and treatment, standardized protocols, and physician-centered care” along with its inherent limitations. We then delve into the synergistic disruptive mechanisms generated by the technology cluster through three dimensions: “data-driven cognition,” “intelligent algorithms reshaping decisionmaking,” and “biotechnology redefining interventions.” This reveals three defining features of the new paradigm: At the practice level, it enables precision prediction and dynamic intervention based on individualized data; At the agency level, it establishes a collaborative relationship among physicians, AI, and patients. The study also highlights the new paradigm’s ethical challenges, including data privacy and algorithmic fairness, providing crucial insights for understanding contemporary medical transformation and planning future healthcare systems.
Study on Diagnosis of Fetal Chromosomal Abnormalities by Ultrasound Screening and Ultrasound-Guided Amniocentesis
With advancements in modern medical technology, prenatal diagnosis has become increasingly crucial. This review focuses on exploring the clinical value, application status, and research progress of two key prenatal diagnostic methods—ultrasound screening and ultrasound-guided amniocentesis—in the detection of fetal chromosomal abnormalities. By systematically summarizing relevant literature and clinical studies, the review analyzes the effectiveness, safety, and applicable scenarios of these two methods, compares their advantages and limitations with other common prenatal screening and diagnostic techniques, and identifies the core indications for their clinical application. The study reveals significantly higher detection rates of chromosomal abnormalities in the ultrasound screening abnormal group compared to the Down syndrome screening group. Key indications for amniocentesis include abnormal Down syndrome screening results, ultrasound screening abnormalities (such as NT thickening), and advanced maternal age. This research demonstrates the clinical significance of early pregnancy ultrasound screening in detecting fetal chromosomal abnormalities, while ultrasound-guided amniocentesis proves to be a safe and reliable diagnostic method.
Small RNAs in Bacterial Outer Membrane Vesicles
Outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) from Gram-negative bacteria exhibit selective enrichment for small RNAs (sRNAs), including tRNA fragments, as opposed to randomly reflecting cellular RNA pools. Building on well-established RNase-detergent controls and ddRTPCR quantification, we summarise delivery stoichiometry (≈1% of vesicle RNA reaching recipient cytoplasm) and propose reporting standards (vesicles per cell, RNA copies per vesicle, delivery per cell). Functionally, OMV RNAs signal via two main routes: cytosolic Argonaute-dependent silencing and endosomal TLR7/8 sensing in both pathogenic and commensal bacterial species. We highlight evidence that OMVs can travel along the gut–brain axis and activate astrocytic NF-κB, thereby exacerbating amyloidassociated pathology, and we outline the experimental controls needed to attribute these effects specifically to RNA cargo. Finally, we consider how these principles could guide the engineering of probiotic-derived OMVs to tune immune tone within a quantitative mechanistic framework. This review identifies key methodological gaps and puts forth quantitative frameworks for studying RNA delivery.
Application of Multi-Omics Analysis in Periodontitis
Periodontitis is a highly prevalent chronic inflammatory disease characterized by the progressive destruction of the tooth-supporting tissues and is closely associated with systemic health conditions. The complex and heterogeneous pathogenesis of periodontitis necessitates the adoption of comprehensive approaches to elucidate its molecular mechanisms. The advent of high-throughput omics technologies has revolutionized biomedical research, thereby enabling integrative multi-omics analysis to provide a holistic view of biological systems. This review aims to synthesize recent advances in the application of multi-omics strategies—including genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics—in periodontitis research. This paper discusses how these approaches have elucidated the etiopathogenesis, identified novel diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers, and revealed potential therapeutic targets. Furthermore, this research explores the emerging role of artificial intelligence in integrating and interpreting complex multi-omics datasets. The conclusion underscores that multi-omics integration is pivotal for advancing personalized dentistry and precision medicine in periodontitis management, albeit challenges in data standardization and clinical translation remain to be addressed.
The capability humans adapting hearing in extreme conditions
“Adaptation is an essential feature of auditory neurons, which reduces their responses to unchanging and recurring sounds and allows their response properties to be matched to the constantly changing statistics of sounds that reach the ears. As a consequence, processing in the auditory system highlights novel or unpredictable sounds and produces an efficient representation of the vast range of sounds that animals can perceive by continually adjusting the sensitivity and, to a lesser extent, the tuning properties of neurons to the most commonly encountered stimulus values. Together with attentional modulation, adaptation to sound statistics also helps to generate neural representations of sound that are tolerant to background noise and therefore plays a vital role in auditory scene analysis. In this review, we consider the diverse forms of adaptation that are found in the auditory system in terms of the processing levels at which they arise, the underlying neural mechanisms, and their impact on neural coding and perception. We also ask what the dynamics of adaptation, which can occur over multiple timescales, reveal about the statistical properties of the environment. Finally, we examine how adaptation to sound statistics is influenced by learning and experience and changes as a result of aging and hearing loss.”
Research Progress and Application of Mung Bean Protein in 3D Food Printing: Performance Regulation and Application Expansion
3D food printing technology has opened up a new manufacturing path for personalized food customization. Mung bean protein, with its high nutritional value and excellent functional properties, has broad application prospects in this field. This paper reviews the extraction process and modification techniques of mung bean protein, focusing on the intrinsic connection between its key properties and 3D printing performance. It also explores the impact of pretreatment methods, printing parameter settings, and additive usage on the final 3D printing effect. By comparing mung bean protein with other legume proteins through evidence-based data, the paper demonstrates its application potential in areas such as meat product analogues, antioxidant functional snacks, and infant complementary foods. At the same time, it points out the current research deficiencies, such as the destruction of protein secondary structure due to high-temperature printing, the disruption of gel networks by freeze-thaw cycles, low sensory acceptance, and immature large-scale production control. Finally, it looks forward to future development directions, providing theoretical support for the scientific research and “tailored nutrition” of plant protein-based 3D printed foods.
Multi-omics Integration in AMD: the CFH Gene Case Study
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a progressive retinal disease and a leading cause of irreversible blindness in older adults, imposing a substantial global health burden. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified over 50 loci associated with AMD, yet most lie in non-coding regions, obscuring the underlying molecular mechanisms. This paper highlights the application of multiomics integration—a framework that combines genetic associations with regulatory and functional outcomes across molecular layers—to elucidate the genetic risk of AMD, with a particular focus on the CFH gene, a central player in AMD pathogenesis. This study first summarizes key omics data types (genomics, transcriptomics, epigenomics) and core analytical tools, such as colocalization analysis and expression quantitative trait loci (eQTL) mapping. This then examines CFH-centered multi-omics findings, including evidence of shared causal variants between AMD GWAS and CFH eQTLs, and tissue-specific regulatory effects observed in the liver and retinal pigment epithelium. The discussion further extends to other AMD loci (e.g., ARMS2/HTRA1, C3) and outlines technical challenges such as data heterogeneity, tissue accessibility and translational potential. Overall, despite existing complexities, multi-omics integration provides an essential bridge between genetic associations and disease mechanisms, offering a roadmap for improved risk prediction and the development of mechanism-driven, biomarker-based therapeutics for AMD.
The Analysis of BCI Technology and its Influences on Human-being
With the rapid advancement of neuroscience, computer science, and material science, the studies of the human brain are entering a new era. Brain-Computer Interface (BCI) technology aims to create a direct link between a person’s brain and external devices for more convenient communication. This area is attracting more investigation that falls squarely at the meeting point of neural engineering and artificial intelligence. This article starts with exploring the basics, how BCIs work, and their types, all based on a review of current research. This paper concludes that BCI is a creative way in which humans can connect with computers, with very much potential to benefit human beings in various fields.
The Role of Single-Leg Vertical Jump in Return-to-Sport Evaluation After ACL Reconstruction — A Critical Review Based on Optical Motion Capture
Anter ior cruciate l igament (ACL) injuries and reconstruction surgeries are very common in sports medicine. Scientific evaluation and documentation of return-to-sport (RTS) readiness are key steps to reduce the risk of re-injury. This paper builds on research published in the British Journal of Sports Medicine (2022), explaining the use of optical motion capture in evaluating functional performance after ACL reconstruction. The study found that while horizontal hop tests often appear symmetrical, the single-leg vertical jump (SLJ) more effectively reveals deficits in knee joint function. This review summarizes the contributions of the research, critically analyzes its limitations, and proposes directions for future improvement. In addition, ACL injuries are common in sports requiring single-leg deceleration, cutting, and landing movements, such as basketball, soccer, handball, and skiing, with most being non-contact injuries. As competition levels rise, ACL injuries and reconstructions are increasingly frequent, highlighting the necessity of establishing sensitive and reproducible RTS evaluation indicators.
The Association between Family History and the Risk of Hereditary Cardiovascular Disease: A Cohort Study Based on UK Biobank
Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are leading causes of morbidity and mortality globally, with genetic and familial factors significant affecting their development. Understanding the impact of family history on the risk of CVD is crucial for early intervention and prevention. This study aims to explore the association between family history and the risk of hereditary CVD according to the data from the UK Biobank. The records of adult participants with complete family history data were analyzed, excluding those with pre-existing hereditary CVD. The results show that individuals with a family history of CVD have a significantly higher incidence of hereditary CVD compared to those without such a history. Further analysis revealed that this association is influenced by gender and lifestyle factors, with males and individuals with unhealthy lifestyles showing a higher risk. These findings highlight the importance of family history as an independent predictor of hereditary risk of CVD and emphasize the need for personalized preventive strategies. Future research should focus on longitudinal cohort studies and the integration of wearable devices and mobile health applications to enhance risk prediction and management.