The Mechanism of Circulating Tumor Cell (CTC) Detection

Abstract

The high lethality of cancer is mainly attributed to its metastatic ability. Circulating tumor cells (CTCs), as important mediators driving tumor metastasis, have significant research value in tumor progression and prognosis assessment. In recent years, CTC detection methods have been continuously evolving, mainly including detection based on cell surface proteins and detection based on intracellular miRNA molecular markers. Surface protein detection techniques are mature and high-throughput, but prone to missed detections when epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) causes phenotypic changes; miRNA detection, on the other hand, can dynamically reflect the status of tumor cells, with high sensitivity, yet the process is complex and difficult to apply on a large scale. Currently, capturing the phenotypically heterogeneous and rare CTCs accurately remains a challenge in the field of detection. This paper systematically analyzes the principles, methods, current applications, and respective issues of the two major classes of CTC detection technologies: miRNA and surface protein detection. Furthermore, it discusses the positive role of combined detection in enhancing detection sensitivity and accuracy. Studies indicate that multi-marker combined detection can more comprehensively identify CTC heterogeneity, aiding in early tumor diagnosis, dynamic monitoring, and precise treatment. This paper provides a reference for the optimization of subsequent CTC detection technologies and in-depth research on tumor metastasis mechanisms, while pointing out current deficiencies in standardization, automation, and functional status analysis. Future research may focus on directions such as multi-omics integration and intelligent analysis.