To Assess the Effectiveness of Caffeine Consumption as a Potential Therapeutic Intervention for Parkinson’s Disease: A Systematic Review

Abstract

The second most prevalent neurodegenerative disease, Parkinson's disease (PD), requires new approaches because there are currently no disease-modifying therapies. This systematic review evaluates the therapeutic potential of caffeine consumption for PD, focusing on the alleviation of motor and cognitive symptoms as well as potential neuroprotective mechanisms. Utilizing PubMed and Google Scholar, initially, 12,187 articles (2015-2025) were screened, with five clinical trials meeting the inclusion criteria (full-text, English, human or animal studies). Results indicated mixed outcomes: higher cognitive performance in low-demand activities [1] and improved motor function (e.g., lower UPDRS-III scores [2] were associated with low-dose caffeine (<400 mg/day). Inhibition of adenosine A2A and MAO-B receptors was linked to neuroprotective benefits, including reduced alpha-synuclein toxicity and neuroinflammation [3, 4]. However, conflicting studies reported negligible benefits [5] or dose-dependent risks [6]. Small sample sizes, methodological variability, and reliance on animal models were among the limitations that raised concerns regarding reliability. Caffeine shows potential in reducing Parkinson's disease symptoms by blocking A2A receptors and influencing oxidative pathways, but inconsistent findings highlight the necessity for large-scale human trials and standardised dosage recommendations. Caffeine's potential as an adjuvant therapy is highlighted by these findings, although caution is advised because individual variations and safety implications are still unknown. Further research is essential to establish the optimal therapeutic strategies and long-term success in the management of Parkinson's disease.